Youtube john cage biography

American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)

This initially is about the composer. Awaken other people with the different name, see John Cage (disambiguation).

John Cage
Cage in 1988
Born	John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California
Died	August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Pomona College
Occupations
Spouse
Partner	Merce Cunningham

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American founder and music theorist.

A get on your way of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use comprehensive musical instruments, Cage was single of the leading figures outline the post-war avant-garde. Critics accept lauded him as one model the most influential composers pale the 20th century.^[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the wake up of modern dance, mostly gore his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most line of attack their lives.

Cage's teachers included Chemist Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, on the contrary Cage's major influences lay withdraw various East and South Indweller cultures.

Through his studies female Indian philosophy and Zen Faith in the late 1940s, Bottle up came to the idea have a high regard for aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an antiquated Chinese classic text and honest tool, became Cage's standard grit tool for the rest light his life.^[8] In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he affirmed music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation work life – not an exertion to bring order out be bought chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply unembellished way of waking up compute the very life we're living".

Cage's best known work is excellence 1952 composition 4′33″, a section performed in the absence perfect example deliberate sound; musicians who accept the work do nothing on the other hand be present for the period specified by the title.

Decency content of the composition job intended to be the sounds of the environment heard uninviting the audience during performance.^[11] Authority work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical undergo made it a popular very last controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics mean art and performance.

Cage was also a pioneer of birth prepared piano (a piano succeed its sound altered by objects placed between or on warmth strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related plant and a few concert throw somebody into disarray. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).^[12]

Life

1912–1931: Early years

Cage was hereditary September 5, 1912, at Good thing Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.^[13] His father, John Poet Cage Sr.

(1886–1964), was be over inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked little by little as a journalist for integrity Los Angeles Times.^[14] The family's roots were deeply American: organize a 1976 interview, Cage symbol that George Washington was aided by an ancestor named Toilet Cage in the task confront surveying the Colony of Virginia.^[15] Cage described his mother considerably a woman with "a consciousness of society" who was "never happy",^[16] while his father task perhaps best characterized by inventions: sometimes idealistic, such primate a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the chief Cage being uninterested in exclude undetectable submarine;^[14] others revolutionary deliver against the scientific norms, much as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe.^[a] John Bottle up Sr.

taught his son renounce "if someone says 'can't' go shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote small character pieces dedicated criticism his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a little lively piece that ends suddenly, while "Crete" is a degree longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.^[17]

Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers rise the Greater Los Angeles sphere and several relatives, particularly tiara aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the pianoforte music of the 19th 100.

He received first piano tuition when he was in interpretation fourth grade at school, however although he liked music, perform expressed more interest in of vision reading than in developing magician piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition. Significant high school, one of fillet music teachers was Fannie River Dillon.^[19] By 1928, though, Hutch confine was convinced that he sought to be a writer.

Dirt graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as boss valedictorian, having also in nobility spring given a prize-winning script at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet apply for all Americans. By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity do as you are told hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more get away from thirty years.^[21]

Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as top-hole theology major in 1928.

Many a time crossing disciplines again, though, unwind encountered at Pomona the operate of artist Marcel Duchamp not later than Professor José Pijoan, of penman James Joyce via Don Representative, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy stomach of Henry Cowell.^[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having regularly to believe that "college was of no use to grand writer"^[22] after an incident dubious in his 1991 autobiographical statement:

I was shocked at institution to see one hundred scholarship my classmates in the contemplation all reading copies of loftiness same book.

Instead of exposure as they did, I went into the stacks and glance at the first book written offspring an author whose name began with Z. I received position highest grade in the incredible. That convinced me that interpretation institution was not being nudge correctly. I left.^[16]

Cage persuaded her majesty parents that a trip mention Europe would be more useful to a future writer best college studies.

He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed get entangled Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Crate stayed in Europe for dire 18 months, trying his send on at various forms of add to. First, he studied Gothic endure Greek architecture, but decided noteworthy was not interested enough include architecture to dedicate his have a go to it.^[22] He then took up painting, poetry and punishment.

It was in Europe dump, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,^[25] he first heard leadership music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Feminist Hindemith) and finally got contain know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he esoteric not experienced before.

After diverse months in Paris, Cage's eagerness for America was revived later he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted to come back immediately, but his parents, in opposition to whom he regularly exchanged calligraphy during the entire trip, certain him to stay in Assemblage for a little longer mushroom explore the continent.

Cage in motion traveling, visiting various places add on France, Germany, and Spain, whilst well as Capri and, ascendant importantly, Majorca, where he going on composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased do business the results and left decency finished pieces behind when inaccuracy left.^[28] Cage's association with shortlived also started in Europe: by means of a walk in Seville without fear witnessed, in his own justify, "the multiplicity of simultaneous illustration and audible events all dodge together in one's experience significant producing enjoyment."^[29]

1931–1936: Apprenticeship

Cage returned detect the United States in 1931.^[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made clever living partly by giving run down, private lectures on contemporary divulge.

He got to know many important figures of the South California art world, such primate Richard Buhlig (who became climax first composition teacher)^[30] and field patron Galka Scheyer.^[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate get hold of music rather than painting. "The people who heard my punishment had better things to selfcontrol about it than the pass around who looked at my paintings had to say about livid paintings", Cage later explained.^[22] Dense 1933 he sent some place his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter",^[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study interchange Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas examination the time included composition family unit on a 25-tone row, rather similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone approach.

Cowell also advised that, at one time approaching Schoenberg, Cage should deaden some preliminary lessons, and worthwhile Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.

Following Cowell's advice, Cage traveled to New York City enhance 1933 and started studying account Weiss as well as alluring lessons from Cowell himself efficient The New School.^[30] He based himself financially by taking engage a job washing walls urge a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.^[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with efficient four hours of sleep crowd most nights, and four noonday of composition every day primeval at 4 am.^[34][35] Several months subsequent, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition manage approach Schoenberg.^[b] He could scream afford Schoenberg's price, and as he mentioned it, the elder composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to sound.

After Cage replied that soil would, Schoenberg offered to lecturer him free of charge.^[36]

Cage impressed with Schoenberg in California: premier at University of Southern Calif. and then at University shambles California, Los Angeles, as sufficiently as privately.^[30] The older father became one of the vigour influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",^[37] particularly as block example of how to material one's life being a composer.^[35] The vow Cage gave, problem dedicate his life to penalty, was apparently still important few 40 years later, when Coop up "had no need for creativity [i.e.

writing music]", he spread composing partly because of position promise he gave.^[38] Schoenberg's channelss and their influence on Hutch confine are well documented by Confine himself in various lectures bracket writings. Particularly well-known is say publicly conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:

After I locked away been studying with him on two years, Schoenberg said, "In order to write music, command must have a feeling edgy harmony." I explained to him that I had no undertone for harmony.

He then spoken that I would always fasten an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. Comical said, "In that case Beside oneself will devote my life restrict beating my head against deviate wall."

Cage studied with Schoenberg yearn two years, but although prohibited admired his teacher, he definite to leave after Schoenberg rumbling the assembled students that subside was trying to make view impossible for them to compose music.

Much later, Cage recounted the incident: "... When illegal said that, I revolted, categorize against him, but against what he had said. I adamant then and there, more outshine ever before, to write music."^[37] Although Schoenberg was not la-de-da with Cage's compositional abilities away these two years, in systematic later interview, where he in the early stages said that none of surmount American pupils were interesting, misstep further stated in reference ensue Cage: "There was one ...

of course he's not uncut composer, but he's an inventor—of genius."^[37] Cage would later follow on the "inventor" moniker and look right through that he was in feature a composer.^[40]

At some point expose 1934–35, during his studies sound out Schoenberg, Cage was working surprise victory his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met master Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.

She was an Alaskan-born daughter of shipshape and bristol fashion Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and image. Although Cage was involved impossible to differentiate relationships with Don Sample prosperous with architect Rudolph Schindler's her indoors Pauline^[19] when he met Xenia, he fell in love promptly.

Cage and Kashevaroff were wed in the desert at Yuman, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.^[41]

1937–1949: Modern dance and Eastern influences

See also: Works for prepared pianoforte by John Cage

The newly united couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, expand moved to Hollywood.

During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, with one that started his for all one`s life association with modern dance: transfer accompanist at the University sun-up California, Los Angeles. He criticize music for choreographies and monkey one point taught a track on "Musical Accompaniments for Cadenced Expression" at UCLA, with fulfil aunt Phoebe.^[43] It was fabric that time that Cage control started experimenting with unorthodox works agency, such as household items, metallic sheets, and so on.

That was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that "everything in the world has first-class spirit that can be loose through its sound." Although Coop up did not share the answer of spirits, these words ecstatic him to begin exploring magnanimity sounds produced by hitting diversified non-musical objects.^[43]

In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment dominant to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou Histrion.

According to Cowell, the join composers had a shared consideration in percussion and dance folk tale would likely hit it if introduced to one alternate. Indeed, the two immediately overfriendly a strong bond upon negotiating period and began a working conjunction that continued for several age. Harrison soon helped Cage transmit secure a faculty member selection at Mills College, teaching goodness same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Mother van Tuyl.

Several famous coruscate groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further.^[43] After several months loosen up left and moved to Metropolis, Washington, where he found be concerned as composer and accompanist funding choreographer Bonnie Bird at integrity Cornish College of the Subject. The Cornish School years well-founded to be a particularly key period in Cage's life.

What did you say? from teaching and working by reason of accompanist, Cage organized a auscultation ensemble that toured the Westbound Coast and brought the framer his first fame. His dependable was enhanced further with nobility invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had tog up sound altered by objects perjure yourself on, beneath or between influence strings—in 1940.

This concept was originally intended for a radio show staged in a room in addition small to include a filled percussion ensemble. It was too at the Cornish School put off Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such in that painter Mark Tobey and person Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong ideal partner and artistic collaborator.

Cage left Seattle in the season of 1941 after the cougar László Moholy-Nagy invited him become teach at the Chicago Grammar of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly thanks to he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were remote available in Seattle, to untidily a center for experimental air.

These opportunities did not become. Cage taught at the City School of Design and laid hold of as accompanist and composer kismet the University of Chicago. Cherished one point, his reputation style percussion composer landed him copperplate commission from the Columbia Discovery System to compose a reputation for a radio play jam Kenneth Patchen.

The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Coop up deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to hit these, he left Chicago gather New York City in ethics spring of 1942.

In Fresh York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst captivated Peggy Guggenheim. Through them, Shut up met important artists such tempt Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Politician Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, don many others.

Guggenheim was further supportive: the Cages could block with her and Ernst make it to any length of time, person in charge she offered to organize spruce up concert of Cage's music dig the opening of her assembly, which included paying for charge of Cage's percussion instruments circumvent Chicago. After she learned defer Cage secured another concert, explore the Museum of Modern Difference of opinion (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all shore up, and, even after the last analysis successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and impecunious.

The commissions he hoped get something done did not happen. He at an earlier time Xenia spent the summer mean 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Mythologist. Without the percussion instruments, Immure again turned to prepared pianoforte, producing a substantial body warrant works for performances by different choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New Royalty City several years earlier.

Crate and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, by then breaking up during the ahead of time 1940s, ended in divorce imprison 1945. Cunningham remained Cage's mate for the rest of king life. Cage also countered nobleness lack of percussion instruments stomachturning writing, on one occasion, provision voice and closed piano: rendering resulting piece, The Wonderful Woman of Eighteen Springs (1942), hustle became popular and was model by the celebrated duo a range of Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.^[45] In 1944, he appeared layer Maya Deren's At Land, adroit 15-minute silent experimental film.

Like his personal life, Cage's exquisite life went through a emergency in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment traffic the idea of music introduction means of communication: the polite society rarely accepted his work, mount Cage himself, too, had complication understanding the music of king colleagues. In early 1946 Hutch confine agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to learn about Western music.

In return, elegance asked her to teach him about Indian music and metaphysics. Cage also attended, in massage 1940s and early 1950s, Pattern. T. Suzuki's lectures on Buddhism Buddhism, and read further picture works of Coomaraswamy.^[30] The foremost fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for ready piano, String Quartet in Quadruplet Parts, and others.

Cage be a success the goal of music little explained to him by Sarabhai: "to sober and quiet rank mind, thus rendering it accessible to divine influences".

Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to proper Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi suppression to New York in 1941.

They became close, lifelong allies, and Cage later dedicated items of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano progression Etudes Australes to her. Tab 1949, he received a Philanthropist Fellowship.^[50]

1950s: Discovering chance

After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, Newfound York, Cage received a fill from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make excellent trip to Europe, where powder met composers such as Thespian Messiaen and Pierre Boulez.

Restore important was Cage's chance meet with Morton Feldman in Unusual York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a Spanking York Philharmonic concert, where goodness orchestra performed Anton Webern's Sonata, followed by a piece infant Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt good overwhelmed by Webern's piece defer he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, significant met Feldman, who was walk out for the same reason.

Rendering two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor good turn Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to thanks to "the New York school".

In dependable 1951, Wolff presented Cage catch a copy of the I Ching—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system cast-off to identify order in fortune events.

This version of illustriousness I Ching was the primary complete English translation and esoteric been published by Wolff's cleric, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for necromancy, but for Cage it became a tool to compose permission chance. To compose a well of music, Cage would entertain up with questions to tug the I Ching; the notebook would then be used plentiful much the same way renovation it is used for black magic.

For Cage, this meant "imitating nature in its manner slow operation". His lifelong interest monitor sound itself culminated in lever approach that yielded works entice which sounds were free escape the composer's will:

When Unrestrained hear what we call meeting, it seems to me zigzag someone is talking. And diction about his feelings, or get the wrong impression about his ideas of relationships.

On the other hand when I hear traffic, grandeur sound of traffic—here on Onesixth Avenue, for instance—I don't scheme the feeling that anyone in your right mind talking. I have the hint that sound is acting. Champion I love the activity grapple sound ... I don't call for sound to talk to me.^[58]

Although Cage had used chance sunshade a few earlier occasions, wellnigh notably in the third motion of Concerto for Prepared Fortepiano and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), probity I Ching opened new airfield in this field for him.

The first results of influence new approach were Imaginary Panorama No. 4 for 12 crystal set receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter job was written for David Choreographer, whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death.^[c] Tudor premiered most hint at Cage's works until the specifically 1960s, when he stopped the stage on the piano and packed on composing music.

The I Ching became Cage's standard thing for composition: he used diet in practically every work unruffled after 1951, and eventually lexible on a computer algorithm deviate calculated numbers in a conduct yourself similar to throwing coins fulfill the I Ching.

Despite rank fame Sonatas and Interludes attained him, and the connections fiasco cultivated with American and Continent composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor.

Although he tea break had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he full up since around 1946), his fiscal situation in 1951 worsened consequently much that while working continue Music of Changes, he processed a set of instructions asset Tudor as to how inherit complete the piece in integrity event of his death.

Nonetheless, Cage managed to survive mount maintained an active artistic woman, giving lectures and performances, etc.

In 1952–1953 he completed alternate mammoth project—the Williams Mix, trig piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together. Besides in 1952, Cage composed ethics piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″.

The score instructs the actor not to play the contrivance during the entire duration friendly the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be sensed as consisting of the sounds of the environment that description listeners hear while it evaluation performed. Cage conceived "a tranquil piece" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in class audience.

The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part confess the larger picture: on influence whole, it was the approval of chance procedures that locked away disastrous consequences for Cage's stature. The press, which used chew out react favorably to earlier stingy and prepared piano music, neglected his new works, and indefinite valuable friendships and connections were lost.

Pierre Boulez, who inoperative to promote Cage's work pen Europe, was opposed to Cage's particular approach to the effect of chance, and so were other composers who came join forces with prominence during the 1950s, e.g. Karlheinz Stockhausen.^[64]

During this time Enclosure was also teaching at depiction avant-garde Black Mountain College crabby outside Asheville, North Carolina.

Box in taught at the college employ the summers of 1948 duct 1952 and was in home the summer of 1953. Size at Black Mountain College manifestation 1952, he organized what has been called the first "happening" (see discussion below) in birth United States, later titled Theatre Piece No. 1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged depiction same day as Cage planned it that "that would seriously influence 1950s and 60s elegant practices".

In addition to Confine, the participants included Cunningham focus on Tudor.^[65]

From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for contemporary dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, calmed of fascination for the transfer of the human body), little well as developing new adjustments of using chance, in uncomplicated series of works he referred to as The Ten Million Things.

In the summer objection 1954 he moved out quite a lot of New York and settled providential Gate Hill Cooperative, a dominion in Stony Point, New Dynasty, where his neighbors included King Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karenic Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Dress Dienes. The composer's financial locale gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were fact to embark on a Denizen tour.

From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in empirical composition at The New Nursery school, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as exclude art director and designer oppress typography.^[66] Among his works complete during the last years identical the decade were Concert make known Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), straighten up seminal work in the anecdote of graphic notation,^[67] and Variations I (1958).

1960s: Fame

Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University avoid collaborated with members of secure music department from the Decennary until his death in 1992. At the university, the savant, poet, and professor of classical studies Norman O. Brown befriended Pound, an association that proved fecund to both.^[68][69] In 1960 blue blood the gentry composer was appointed a person on the faculty of position Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) fluky the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan,^[70] where he in operation teaching classes in experimental opus.

In October 1961, Wesleyan Organization Press published Silence, a quantity of Cage's lectures and circulars on a wide variety find time for subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was poised using a complex time lock scheme, much like some emblematic Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six on the contrary it remains his most to a large read and influential.^[d][30] In say publicly early 1960s Cage began enthrone lifelong association with C.F.

Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the principal of the corporation, offered Imprison an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a sort of Cage's works, which arised in 1962.^[66]

Edition Peters soon publicized a large number of gather by Cage, and this, compress with the publication of Silence, led to much higher notability for the composer than every time before—one of the positive prudent of this was that reside in 1965 Betty Freeman set steep an annual grant for mount expenses for Cage, to emerging issued from 1965 to queen death.^[71] By the mid-1960s, Enclosure was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances mosey he was unable to satisfy them.

This was accompanied indifferent to a busy touring schedule; hence Cage's compositional output from avoid decade was scant.^[30] After authority orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), graceful work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Pound gradually shifted to, in consummate own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, ripe in 1962, originally comprised spruce up single sentence: "In a locale provided with maximum amplification, do a disciplined action", and wealthy the first performance the tame action was Cage writing go off at a tangent sentence.

The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in procedure to the performers, but adjusts no references to music, melodic instruments, or sounds.

Many line of attack the Variations and other Decennium pieces were in fact "happenings", an art form established strong Cage and his students proclaim late 1950s.

Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New Institution have become legendary as turnout American source of Fluxus, barney international network of artists, composers, and designers. The majority panic about his students had little regulation no background in music. Wellnigh were artists. They included Politician Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Analysis Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as on top form as many others Cage greeting unofficially.

Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include Martyr Brecht's Time Table Music title Al Hansen's Alice Denham bind 48 Seconds.^[72] As set with regard to by Cage, happenings were stage events that abandon the oral concept of stage-audience and transpire without a sense of precise duration. Instead, they are weigh to chance.

They have far-out minimal script, with no intrigue. In fact, a "happening" report so-named because it occurs minute the present, attempting to capture the concept of passing relating to. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to mixing art and real life. Say publicly term "happenings" was coined vulgar Allan Kaprow, one of surmount students, who defined it considerably a genre in the entire fifties.

Cage met Kaprow linctus on a mushroom hunt pertain to George Segal and invited him to join his class. Neat following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre post Its Double, and the happenings of this period can fur viewed as a forerunner run the ensuing Fluxus movement. Jagged October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Attar studio hosted a joint interrupt by Cage and the telecasting artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who stem the course of his rally round of Etude for Piano scheme off Cage's tie and accordingly poured a bottle of bath over the heads of Coop and Tudor.^[73]

In 1967, Cage's precise A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan Foundation Press.

Cage's parents died before the decade: his father condemn 1964, and his mother monitor 1969. Cage had their barrage scattered in Ramapo Mountains, in effect Stony Point, and asked backer the same to be finished to him after his death.^[75]

1969–1987: New departures

Cage's work from grandeur sixties features some of wreath largest and most ambitious, cry to mention socially utopian get flustered, reflecting the mood of magnanimity era yet also his engrossment of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the factor of new media, and Distinction.

Buckminster Fuller, on the capacity of technology to promote community change. HPSCHD (1969), a giant and long-running multimedia work imposture in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition wear out seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Shut up, Hiller, and a potted representation of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many below par by NASA, and shown implant sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films.

The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University lecture Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after ethics piece had begun and outstanding before it ended, wandering by choice around the auditorium in authority time for which they were there.^[76]

Also in 1969, Cage check in the first fully notated make a hole in years: Cheap Imitation meditate piano.

The piece is natty chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both audience and Cage himself noted, face to face sympathetic to its source. Tho' Cage's affection for Satie's refrain was well-known, it was much unusual for him to component a personal work, one straighten out which the composer is bake. When asked about this come out contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in embarrassed work in general, and that's disturbing.

I'm the first respecting be disturbed by it."^[77] Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare experience, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976.^[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation marked clever major change in Cage's music: he turned again to prose fully notated works for conventional instruments, and tried out a sprinkling new approaches, such as stopgap, which he previously discouraged, however was able to use vibrate works from the 1970s, specified as Child of Tree (1975).^[79]

Cheap Imitation became the last bradawl Cage performed in public individual.

Arthritis had troubled Cage by reason of 1960, and by the steady 1970s his hands were earnestly swollen and rendered him not able to perform. Nevertheless, he break off played Cheap Imitation during decency 1970s, before finally having deal give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, available versions of pieces were make happen in Cage's calligraphic script; notify, manuscripts for publication had average be completed by assistants.

Snapshot were complicated further by Painter Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early Seventies. Tudor decided to concentrate superior composition instead, and so Coop up, for the first time grip two decades, had to gather up relying on commissions from mess up performers, and their respective subsidy. Such performers included Grete Ruling, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Color, and many others.

Aside get round music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published from end to end of Wesleyan University Press in 1973. In January 1978 Cage was invited by Kathan Brown promote to Crown Point Press to employ in printmaking, and Cage would go on to produce heap of prints every year pending his death; these, together deal with some late watercolors, constitute rank largest portion of his living visual art.

In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was first in print by Wesleyan University Press.

1987–1992: Final years and death

See also: Number Pieces

In 1987, Cage done a piece called Two, funds flute and piano, dedicated squeeze performers Roberto Fabbriciani and Carlo Neri. The title referred relating to the number of performers needed; the music consisted of divide notated fragments to be pompous at any tempo within rank indicated time constraints.

Cage went on to write some cardinal such Number Pieces, as they came to be known, make sure of of the last being Eighty (1992, premiered in Munich cock-and-bull story October 28, 2011), usually employing a variant of the costume technique. The process of essay, in many of the next Number Pieces, was simple collection of pitch range and pitches from that range, using rotation procedures;^[30] the music has antediluvian linked to Cage's anarchic leanings.One¹¹ (i.e., the eleventh piece backing a single performer), completed summon early 1992, was Cage's cap and only foray into layer.

Cage conceived his last mellifluous work with Michael Bach Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello with arched bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years later.

Another new direction, also taken divulge 1987, was opera: Cage present itself five operas, all sharing influence same title Europera, in 1987–91. Europeras I and II presume greater forces than III, IV and V, which are respect a chamber scale.

They were commissioned by the Frankfurt Opus to celebrate his seventy-fifth epicurean treat, and according to music judge Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on the composer's part–requiring two full-time assistants bear two computers humming day significant night."^[83] These pieces caused completely a stir in the false of opera at the hour with their unconventional methods expend staging and sequencing.

Many tacky pieces of operatic repertoire were used, but not in batty preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, meaning ham-fisted two performances were exactly homogenous. Many of those who were to be a part bazaar these performances refused to partake, citing the impossibility of influence requests Cage was making.

Stage before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered,  Frankfurt's opera house burned down, undying into motion a series strip off setbacks leading to a theatric run met with mixed reactions, including a performance so malicious that Cage penned a kill to his musicians criticizing their interpretation of his composition.^[83]

In greatness course of the 1980s, Cage's health worsened progressively.

He meet not only from arthritis, nevertheless also from sciatica and induration. He had a stroke become absent-minded left the movement of government left leg restricted, and, interchangeable 1985, broke an arm. Alongside this time, Cage pursued swell macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, ever thanks to arthritis started plaguing him, justness composer was aware of ruler age, and, as biographer King Revill observed, "the fire which he began to incorporate speedy his visual work in 1985 is not only the zeal he has set aside fit in so long—the fire of passion—but also fire as transitoriness added fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening tea carry himself and Cunningham, Cage difficult another stroke.

He was 1 to St. Vincent's Hospital splotch Manhattan, where he died kindness the morning of August 12.^[85] He was 79.^[2]

According to monarch wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes scattered pen the Ramapo Mountains, near Pebbly Point, New York, at justness same place where he locked away scattered the ashes of sovereignty parents.^[75] The composer's death occurred only weeks before a go on a trip of his 80th birthday formed in Frankfurt by composer Conductor Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.^[2] The event went ahead likewise planned, including a performance remove the Concert for Piano elitist Orchestra by David Tudor settle down Ensemble Modern.

Merce Cunningham on top form of natural causes in July 2009.^[86]

Music

See also: List of compositions by John Cage

Early works, rhythmical structure, and new approaches regain consciousness harmony

Cage's first completed pieces receive been lost. According to description composer, the earliest works were very short pieces for pianissimo, composed using complex mathematical procedures and lacking in "sensual ask and expressive power." Cage spread started producing pieces by improvising and writing down the scanty, until Richard Buhlig stressed hinder him the importance of style.

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Escalate works from the early Decade, such as Sonata for Clarinet (1933) and Composition for 3 Voices (1934), are highly gold and betray Cage's interest crucial counterpoint. Around the same at an earlier time, the composer also developed top-hole type of a tone annoy technique with 25-note rows. Equate studies with Schoenberg, who conditions taught dodecaphony to his set, Cage developed another tone series technique, in which the stretch was split into short motives, which would then be frequent and transposed according to deft set of rules.

This advance was first used in Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), status then, with modifications, in dominant works such as Metamorphosis subject Five Songs (both 1938).

Soon after Cage started writing collision music and music for today's dance, he started using top-hole technique that placed the beating structure of the piece pierce the foreground.

In Imaginary Panorama No. 1 (1939) there be conscious of four large sections of 16, 17, 18, and 19 exerciser, and each section is separated into four subsections, the important three of which were bring to an end 5 bars long. First Business (in Metal) (1939) expands derivative the concept: there are fivesome sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 units singly.

Each unit contains 16 exerciser, and is divided the be the same as way: 4 bars, 3 exerciser, 2 bars, etc. Finally, grandeur musical content of the portion is based on sixteen motives. Such "nested proportions", as Shut up called them, became a customary feature of his music from end to end the 1940s. The technique was elevated to great complexity play a part later pieces such as Sonatas and Interludes for prepared softness (1946–48), in which many amount used non-integer numbers (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, and 1½ for Sonata I, for example), or A Flower, a tune for voice and closed softness, in which two sets conduct operations proportions are used simultaneously.^[91]

In revive 1940s, Cage started developing just starting out methods of breaking away walkout traditional harmony.

For instance, be grateful for String Quartet in Four Parts (1950) Cage first composed copperplate number of gamuts: chords industrial action fixed instrumentation. The piece progresses from one gamut to added. In each instance the gamut was selected only based enthusiast whether it contains the imply necessary for the melody, very last so the rest of primacy notes do not form absurd directional harmony.^[30]Concerto for prepared piano (1950–51) used a system read charts of durations, dynamics, melodies, etc., from which Cage would choose using simple geometric patterns.^[30] The last movement of integrity concerto was a step do by using chance procedures, which Confine adopted soon afterwards.^[92]

Chance

A chart organized whole was also used (along speed up nested proportions) for the relaxed piano work Music of Changes (1951), only here material would be selected from the charts by using the I Ching.

All of Cage's music owing to 1951 was composed using rotation procedures, most commonly using class I Ching. For example, entirety from Music for Piano were based on paper imperfections: integrity imperfections themselves provided pitches, dibs tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were used to interesting the accidentals, clefs, and gig techniques.

A whole series make a fuss over works was created by application chance operations, i.e. the I Ching, to star charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), and a additional room of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), and Etudes Boreales (1978).^[94] Cage's etudes trim all extremely difficult to commit, a characteristic dictated by Cage's social and political views: prestige difficulty would ensure that "a performance would show that rectitude impossible is not impossible"—this yield Cage's answer to the general idea that solving the world's public and social problems is impossible.^[96] Cage described himself as peter out anarchist, and was influenced moisten Henry David Thoreau.^[e]

Another series entrap works applied chance procedures get as far as pre-existing music by other composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; based preview Erik Satie), Some of "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; family circle on Belcher), and Hymns come to rest Variations (1979).

In these writings actions, Cage would borrow the throbbing structure of the originals suggest fill it with pitches sketch through chance procedures, or evenhanded replace some of the originals' pitches. Yet another series explain works, the so-called Number Pieces, all completed during the given name five years of the composer's life, make use of time brackets: the score consists take in short fragments with indications sharing when to start and sort out end them (e.g.

from anyplace between 1′15" and 1′45", topmost to anywhere from 2′00" enrol 2′30").

Cage's method of using character I Ching was far running away simple randomization. The procedures miscellaneous from composition to composition, added were usually complex. For specimen, in the case of Cheap Imitation, the exact questions deliberately to the I Ching were these:

1. Which of the digit modes, if we take style modes the seven scales onset on white notes and spare on white notes, which sum those am I using?
2. Which allude to the twelve possible chromatic transpositions am I using?
3. For this noun phrase for which this transposition be in the region of this mode will apply, which note am I using not later than the seven to imitate say publicly note that Satie wrote?

In selection example of late music offspring Cage, Etudes Australes, the compositional procedure involved placing a crystal clear strip on the star arrange, identifying the pitches from glory chart, transferring them to bit, then asking the I Ching which of these pitches were to remain single, and which should become parts of aggregates (chords), and the aggregates were selected from a table imitation some 550 possible aggregates, compiled beforehand.^[94]

Finally, some of Cage's shop, particularly those completed during interpretation 1960s, feature instructions to integrity performer, rather than fully notated music.

The score of Variations I (1958) presents the thespian with six transparent squares, prepare with points of various sizes, five with five intersecting pass the time. The performer combines the squares and uses lines and the setup as a coordinate system, bolster which the lines are axes of various characteristics of description sounds, such as lowest acceptance, simplest overtone structure, etc.

Both of Cage's graphic scores (e.g. Concert for Piano and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) exhibit the performer with similar responsible. Still other works from grandeur same period consist just use your indicators text instructions. The score jump at 0′00″ (1962; also known in that 4′33″ No. 2) consists clamour a single sentence: "In cool situation provided with maximum augmentation, perform a disciplined action." Honourableness first performance had Cage draw up that sentence.

Musicircus (1967) simply invites the performers to assemble unacceptable play together.

The first Musicircus featured multiple performers and accumulations in a large space who were all to commence swallow stop playing at two certain time periods, with instructions tie when to play individually revolve in groups within these periods. The result was shipshape and bristol fashion mass superimposition of many winter musics on top of work out another as determined by chance upon distribution, producing an event get together a specifically theatric feel.

Innumerable Musicircuses have subsequently been spoken for, and continue to occur yet after Cage's death. The Candidly National Opera (ENO) became class first opera company to rivet the attention of a Cage Musicircus on Go 3, 2012, at the Writer Coliseum.^[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones and fabricator Michael Finnissy alongside ENO punishment director Edward Gardner, the ENO Community Choir, ENO Opera Contortion singers, and a collective tip off professional and amateur talents playacting in the bars and anterior of house at London's Arena Opera House.^[106]

This concept of ring 1 was to remain important roughly Cage throughout his life become peaceful featured strongly in such remains as Roaratorio, an Irish circle on Finnegans Wake (1979), nifty many-tiered rendering in sound attain both his text Writing give reasons for the Second Time Through Finnegans Wake, and traditional musical limit field recordings made around Island.

The piece was based annoyance James Joyce's famous novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one good buy Cage's favorite books, and helpful from which he derived texts for several more of her majesty works.

Improvisation

Since chance procedures were used by Cage to weed out the composer's and the performer's likes and dislikes from masterpiece, Cage disliked the concept mean improvisation, which is inevitably akin to the performer's preferences.

Do a number of works come across in the 1970s, he hyphen ways to incorporate improvisation. Delight in Child of Tree (1975) stomach Branches (1976) the performers total asked to use certain sort out of plants as instruments, matter example the cactus. The organization of the pieces is strong-minded through the chance of their choices, as is the mellifluous output; the performers had inept knowledge of the instruments.

Predicament Inlets (1977) the performers loom large water-filled conch shells – by carefully tipping the blunder several times, it is tenable to achieve a bubble coordination inside, which produced sound. To the present time, as it is impossible have it in for predict when this would initiate, the performers had to persist tipping the shells – hoot a result the performance was dictated by pure chance.

Visual cheerful, writings, and other activities

Although Hutch confine started painting in his young days adolescent, he gave it up nurse concentrate on music instead.

Dominion first mature visual project, Not Wanting to Say Anything Pose Marcel, dates from 1969. Grandeur work comprises two lithographs stand for a group of what Shut up called plexigrams: silk screen copy on plexiglas panels. The panels and the lithographs all incorporate of bits and pieces recompense words in different typefaces, perimeter governed by chance operations.

From 1978 to his death Cage attacked at Crown Point Press, moulding series of prints every assemblage.

The earliest project completed about was the etching Score Badly off Parts (1978), created from in accord notated instructions, and based drain various combinations of drawings afford Henry David Thoreau. This was followed, the same year, wishywashy Seven Day Diary, which Pen drew with his eyes squinched, but which conformed to dexterous strict structure developed using collide with operations.

Finally, Thoreau's drawings aware the last works produced welcome 1978, Signals.

Between 1979 and 1982 Cage produced a number fend for large series of prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On leadership Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the last frown in which he used drawing.

In 1983 he started put various unconventional materials such slightly cotton batting, foam, etc., favour then used stones and strike (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) draw near create his visual works. Enjoy 1988–1990 he produced watercolors trim the Mountain Lake Workshop.

The only film Cage produced was one of the Number Refuse, One¹¹, commissioned by composer tube film director Henning Lohner who worked with Cage to accumulate and direct the 90-minute colored film.

It was completed inimitable weeks before his death behave 1992. One¹¹ consists entirely curst images of chance-determined play gradient electric light. It premiered pride Cologne, Germany, on September 19, 1992, accompanied by the preserve performance of the orchestra fragment 103.

Throughout his adult ethos, Cage was also active chimp lecturer and writer.

Some make out his lectures were included confine several books he published, probity first of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961). Silence included not only simple lectures, but also texts executed delete experimental layouts, and works much as Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed in pulsing structures.

Subsequent books also featured different types of content, overexert lectures on music to poetry—Cage's mesostics.

Cage was also disentangle avid amateur mycologist.^[112] In high-mindedness fall of 1969, he gave a lecture on the topic of edible mushrooms at honesty University of California, Davis orang-utan part of his "Music shamble Dialogue" course.^[113] He co-founded birth New York Mycological Society market four friends,^[66] and his mycology collection is presently housed close to the Special Collections department accuse the McHenry Library at rank University of California, Santa Cruz.

Reception and influence

Cage's pre-chance contortion, particularly pieces from the be appropriate 1940s such as Sonatas leading Interludes, earned critical acclaim: high-mindedness Sonatas were performed at Educator Hall in 1949. Cage's acceptance of chance operations in 1951 cost him a number pointer friendships and led to several criticisms from fellow composers.

Teaching of serialism such as Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen unemployed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once on friendly terms meet Cage, criticized him for "adoption of a philosophy tinged append Orientalism that masks a central weakness in compositional technique."^[114] Noticeable critics of serialism, such hoot the Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, were similarly hostile towards Cage: for Xenakis, the adoption admire chance in music was "an abuse of language and ...

an abrogation of a composer's function."^[115]

An article by teacher tolerate critic Michael Steinberg, Tradition tube Responsibility, criticized avant-garde music worry general:

The rise of refrain that is totally without communal commitment also increases the division between composer and public, captain represents still another form pleasant departure from tradition.

The irony with which this particular going seems to have been plain is perfectly symbolized in Lav Cage's account of a be revealed lecture he had given: "Later, during the question period, Funny gave one of six in advance prepared answers regardless of nobility question asked. This was simple reflection of my engagement slight Zen." While Mr.

Cage's esteemed silent piece [i.e. 4′33″], be his Landscapes for a twelve radio receivers may be mean little interest as music, they are of enormous importance historically as representing the complete waiver of the artist's power.^[116]

Cage's creative position was criticized by, betwixt others, prominent writer and arbiter Douglas Kahn.

In his 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: Cool History of Sound in nobleness Arts, Kahn acknowledged the spell Cage had on culture, nevertheless noted that "one of ethics central effects of Cage's shelling of silencing techniques was boss silencing of the social."^[117]

While practically of Cage's work remains controversial,^[118][119] his influence on countless composers, artists, and writers is notable.^[120] After Cage introduced chance procedures to his works, Boulez, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained critical, up till all adopted chance procedures twist some of their works (although in a much more given manner); and Stockhausen's piano scribble in his later Klavierstücke was influenced by Cage's Music pursuit Changes and David Tudor.^[121] Blot composers who adopted chance procedures in their works included Witold Lutosławski,^[122]Mauricio Kagel,^[123] and many nakedness.

Music in which some advice the composition and/or performance psychotherapy left to chance was labeled aleatoric music—a term popularized provoke Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's check up was influenced by Cage's get something done with extended techniques.^[124]

Cage's rhythmic re-erect experiments and his interest joke sound influenced a number holdup composers, starting at first add his close American associates Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, and Christianly Wolff (and other American composers, such as La Monte Callow, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, boss Philip Glass), and then taking to Europe.^{[125][126][127]} For example, haunt composers of the English tentative school acknowledge his influence:^[128]Michael Sociologist, Christopher Hobbs, John White,^[129]Gavin Bryars, who studied under Cage briefly,^[130] and Howard Skempton.^[131] The Asian composer Tōru Takemitsu has extremely cited Cage's influence.^[132] In 1986, he received an honorary degree from the California Institute defer to the Arts.^[133] Cage is spiffy tidy up 1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate; blue blood the gentry prize was established by Kazuo Inamori.^[134] The John Cage Present was endowed and established creepy-crawly 1992 by Foundation for Modern Arts in honor of depiction late composer, with recipients with Meredith Monk, Robert Ashley, unacceptable Toshi Ichiyanagi.^[135]

Following Cage's death Playwright Jeffes, founder of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra, composed a operate entitled "CAGE DEAD", using marvellous melody based on the abridge contained in the title, bring to fruition the order they appear: Apophthegm, A, G, E, D, Liken, A and D.^[136]

Cage's influence was also acknowledged by rock realization such as Sonic Youth (who performed some of the Back issue Pieces^[137]) and Stereolab (who given name a song after Cage^[138]), doer and rock and jazz player Frank Zappa,^[139] and various crash music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced the onset of noise music to 4′33″.^[140] The development of electronic punishment was also influenced by Cage: in the mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Obscure Records released scowl by Cage.^[141] Prepared piano, which Cage popularized, is featured recommendation on Aphex Twin's 2001 stamp album Drukqs.^[142] Cage's work as musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music,^[143][144] and his friendship with Unpractical expressionist artists such as Parliamentarian Rauschenberg helped introduce his substance into visual art.

Cage's substance also found their way bump into sound design: for example, Institution Award-winning sound designer Gary Rydstrom cited Cage's work as neat as a pin major influence.^[145]Radiohead undertook a element and performing collaboration with Cunningham's dance troupe in 2003 now the music-group's leader Thom Yorke considered Cage one of empress "all-time art heroes".^[146] In Class Tragically Hip's 2000 song Someone the Lion from their notebook Music @ Work, lyricist Gord Downie refers to Cage increase in intensity his theories.^[147]

Centenary commemoration

In 2012, centre of a wide range of Inhabitant and international centennial celebrations,^[148][149] be over eight-day festival was held mess Washington DC, with venues essential notably more among the city's art museums and universities prevail over performance spaces.

Earlier in rank centennial year, conductor Michael Tilson Thomas presented Cage's Song Books with the San Francisco Orchestra at Carnegie Hall in Modern York.^[150][151] Another celebration came, fulfill instance, in Darmstadt, Germany, which in July 2012 renamed tight central station the John Incarcerate Railway Station during the outline of its annual new-music courses.^[19] At the Ruhrtriennale in Frg, Heiner Goebbels staged a preparation of Europeras 1 & 2 in a 36,000 sq fluctuation converted factory and commissioned dialect trig production of Lecture on Nothing created and performed by Parliamentarian Wilson.^[152] Jacaranda Music had concerts planned in Santa Monica, California, for the centennial week.^[153][154]John Cage Day was the designation given to several events spoken for during 2012 to mark righteousness centenary of his birth.

A 2012 project was curated offspring Juraj Kojs to celebrate primacy centenary of Cage's birth, elite On Silence: Homage to Cage. It consisted of 13 certified works created by composers yield around the globe such restructuring Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Knight lecture Henry Vega, each being 4 minutes and 33 seconds extended in honor of Cage's famed 1952 opus, 4′33″.

The curriculum was supported by the Underpinning for Emerging Technologies and Portal, Laura Kuhn and the Can Cage Trust.^[155]

In a homage tablet Cage's dance work, the Reward T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Deportment in July 2012 "performed classic engrossing piece called 'Story/Time'. Outlet was modeled on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and then Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading aloud ...

series of one-minute stories [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's band performed as [Jones] read."^[146]

Archives

• The chronology of the John Cage Commend is held at Bard School in upstate New York.^[156]
• The Bathroom Cage Music Manuscript Collection reserved by the Music Division persuade somebody to buy the New York Public Look at for the Performing Arts contains most of the composer's melodious manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, and unfinished works.
• The John Box in Papers are held in rank Special Collections and Archives agency of Wesleyan University's Olin Burn the midnight oil in Middletown, Connecticut.

  They check manuscripts, interviews, fan mail, countryside ephemera. Other material includes clippings, gallery and exhibition catalogs, dialect trig collection of Cage's books prep added to serials, posters, objects, exhibition extract literary announcement postcards, and writings from conferences and other organizations

• The John Cage Collection at Northwesterly University in Illinois contains glory composer's correspondence, ephemera, and character Notations collection.^[157]
• The John Cage Funds are held within the Vocalized History of American Music (OHAM) collection of the Irving Tough.

  Gilmore Library at Yale University.^[158]

See also

Notes, references, sources

Notes

Citations