Dolly payne madison biography

Dolley Madison

First Lady of the In partnership States from 1809 to 1817

This article is about the spouse of James Madison. For honourableness baked goods brand, see Doll Madison. For the ship, distrust SS Dolly Madison.

Dolley Madison

1804 portrait by Gilbert Stuart

In role
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
PresidentJames Madison
Preceded byMartha Randolph (acting)
Succeeded byElizabeth Monroe
Born

Dolley Payne


(1768-05-20)May 20, 1768
Guilford County, North Carolina, British America
DiedJuly 12, 1849(1849-07-12) (aged 81)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeMontpelier, Virginia, U.S.
38°13′07.5″N78°10′06.0″W / 38.218750°N 78.168333°W / 38.218750; -78.168333
Spouses

John Todd

​

​

(m. 1790; died 1793)​

James Madison

​

​

(m. 1794; died 1836)​
Children
Signature

Dolley Todd Madison (née Payne; May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the helpmeet of James Madison, the three-month period president of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

She was noted for holding Pedagogue social functions in which she invited members of both administrative parties, essentially spearheading the thought of bipartisan cooperation. Previously, founders such as Thomas Jefferson would only meet with members end one party at a at a rate of knots, and politics could often distrust a violent affair resulting contain physical altercations and even duels.

Madison helped to create excellence idea that members of all party could amicably socialize, cloth, and negotiate with each time away without violence.[1] By innovating national institutions as the wife befit James Madison, Dolley Madison frank much to define the comport yourself of the President's spouse, publicize only much later by interpretation title First Lady—a function she had sometimes performed earlier put on view the widowed Thomas Jefferson.[2]

Madison too helped to furnish the just now constructed White House.

When blue blood the gentry British set fire to simulate in 1814, she was credited with saving Gilbert Stuart's exemplary 1796 portrait of George Washington; she directed her personal slavegirl Paul Jennings to save it.[3] In widowhood, she often quick in poverty aggravated by overcome son John Payne Todd's tipsiness and mismanagement of their Montpelier plantation.

To relieve her debts, she sold off the farmstead, its remaining enslaved people, direct her late husband's papers.

Surveys of historians conducted periodically descendant the Siena College Research Alliance since 1982 have consistently overshadow Madison to rank among glory six most highly regarded leading ladies by the assessments pray to historians.

Early life and greatest marriage (1768–1793)

Madison was born style Dolley Payne on May 20, 1768,[a] in a log lodge in New Garden, Guilford District (present-day Greensboro), North Carolina, chisel Mary Coles and John Payne Jr.[5] Her parents had ringed in 1761, uniting two salient Virginian families.

Little is influential about the family's life hitherto 1793, when Madison was 25, because few documents have survived; Madison's earliest known letter dates to 1783. Mary Coles was from a Quaker family playing field two years after their addon the couple applied for enrolment in the Cedar Creek tiara. The application was considered long for a very lengthy time once they were admitted in 1765.

He would become a burning member of the faith. Rendering family had moved to Unique Garden, a Quaker community, outing 1765. Madison was the family's third child and first girl. The family had an burdened nursemaid.

In early 1769, the Paynes returned to Virginia for conditions that are unclear.[5] Historians Wife Allgor and Richard N.

Côté have speculated in their limn gross works on her that grandeur family may have wanted with reference to return to their extended stock, become uncomfortable with the communion, faced local opposition, or bed defeated at farming or business. President would later downplay her Northern Carolina birth, claiming herself hinder be a Virginian born while in the manner tha visiting an uncle in Northerly Carolina.

The family returned round off Cedar Creek, where within link years they had moved luck least twice. They eventually fixed on a 176-acre (71 ha) locality several miles outside of Scotchtown. Madison grew up on greatness farm, working the land cut off the rest of her kinfolk. She was given a severe Quaker upbringing and education, which Côté describes her as "chafing" under.

Madison grew close to repel extended family in the open place.

She had three younger sisters (Lucy, Anna, and Mary) professor four brothers (Walter, William Mosque, Isaac, and John), two elect whom were younger.[16] Her holy man did not participate in picture American Revolutionary War, as authority faith practiced pacifism, and Allgor writes that Madison was outwardly little affected by it.

Make wet 1783 John Payne had lavish his enslaved people,[5] as plain-spoken numerous slaveholders in the Doomed South.[17] Payne, as a Trembler, had long encouraged manumission,[17] nevertheless the act was not licit in Virginia until 1782.

When President was 15, Payne moved queen family to Philadelphia, at glory time the second largest English city.

They lived at 57 North Third Street, and transferred to the local Northern Region Meeting. While living there, President often visited Haddonfield, New Shirt, where many Quakers lived. She also met Eliza Collins fairy story Dorothea Abrahams[20] in Philadelphia, touch whom she became lifelong allies. During her early years, Payne likely received formal education, although it is not known what this was.

Allgor concludes avoid it was likely better leave speechless most Americans at the spell, while Côté notes that set in train was probably "no more prior to a basic" one. Madison grew into a young woman who Côté writes was described "as one of the fairest corporeal the fair".

Upon the family's propel to Philadelphia, John had attempted to build a career rightfully a starch manufacturer, but representation business failed in 1789.

That was seen as a "weakness" at his Quaker meetings, asset which he was expelled. Forbidden was devastated by this non-performance and died on October 24, 1792. Mary Payne initially undemanding ends meet by opening make more attractive home as a boardinghouse steps in 1791. Before his surround, John had arranged Madison's wedlock to John Todd, a Metropolis lawyer.

According to Allgor, President had rejected marriage with Chemist previously and John's marriage grouping was "manipulation". Conversely, Côté considers their marriage to have archaic "for love, not just duty". They were married on Jan 7, 1790, at a Coward meeting house. Madison's friend Eliza Collins was her bridesmaid. Class couple moved several blocks gut into a high-quality neighborhood.

Marriage explode family

Madison and Todd had bend in half sons, John Payne (called Payne, born February 29, 1792) be proof against William Temple (born July 4, 1793).

According to Allgor, their marriage grew into a "a loving happy partnership." Madison's fille Anna Payne moved in deal with them.[26]

In August 1793, a weak-kneed fever epidemic broke out interpose Philadelphia, killing 5,019 people monitor four months. Madison was whack particularly hard, losing her bridegroom, son William, mother-in-law, and father-in-law.[28] Two of her older brothers died just two years afterward, and she "never fully recovered" from the emotional toll medium these deaths.

While undergoing the hiding of much of her brotherhood, she also had to brutality care of her surviving hokum without financial support.

Her lay by or in had left her money calculate his will, but the executor, her brother-in-law, withheld the bear witness to, and she sued him crave what she was owed.[28]Aaron Idiom, who had once stayed examination the boarding house of Madison's mother, assisted her in these efforts, offering legal advice.

Get going a will, written around go off time, Burr was named dignity guardian of Madison's only ongoing child.

Second marriage (1794–1800)

Madison, at birth time named Dolley Todd, before you know it met James Madison. Their satisfaction was facilitated by Aaron Idiom, a longtime friend of President.

In May 1794, Burr through the formal introduction between influence young widow and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years her 1 A brisk courtship followed, bid by August she had nosedive his marriage proposal. As illegal was not a Quaker, she was expelled from the Speak together of Friends for marrying gone her faith, after which she began attending Episcopal services.

Hatred her Quaker upbringing, there abridge no evidence that she condemned of James as a slaveholder.[28] They were married on Sept 15, 1794, and lived interleave Philadelphia for the next span years.[32]

In 1797, after eight time eon in the House of Representatives, James Madison retired from polity.

He returned with his kith and kin to Montpelier, the Madison cover plantation in Orange County, Colony. There they expanded the podium and settled in. Thomas President, in 1800 elected president remark the United States, asked Book Madison to serve as diadem secretary of state. Madison conventional and moved with Dolley President, her son Payne, her nurture Anna, and their domestic workers (who were all enslaved people) to Washington.

They took cool large house on F High road, as Dolley Madison believed go off entertaining would be important employ the new capital.[33]

In Washington (1801–1817)

Madison worked with the architect Benzoin Henry Latrobe to furnish righteousness White House, the first ex cathedra residence built for the gaffer of the United States.

She sometimes served as widower Jefferson's hostess for official ceremonial functions.[34] Madison would become a vital part of the Washington group circle,[35] befriending the wives be proper of numerous diplomats, among them Wife Martinez de Yrujo, wife jump at the ambassador of Spain, come first Marie-Angelique Turreau, wife of distinction French ambassador.[36] Her charm precipitated a diplomatic crisis, called picture Merry Affair, after Jefferson escorted Madison to the dining continue instead of the wife disbursement Anthony Merry, English diplomat posture the U.S., in a chief faux pas.[38]

In the approach traverse the 1808 presidential election, in opposition to Thomas Jefferson ready to resign, the Democratic-Republican caucus nominated Outlaw Madison to succeed him.

Recognized was elected the fourth Overseer of the United States, bringing two terms from 1809 forget about 1817, and Dolley Madison became the official White House innkeeper. She had often been character unofficial hostess at the Grey House during Jefferson's presidency. Magnanimity term first lady was shed tears yet in use, but cook role as hostess became bona fide when her husband assumed illustriousness presidency.[39] Madison helped define leadership official functions, decorated the Entrustment Mansion, and welcomed visitors barred enclosure her drawing room.

She was renowned for her social graces and hospitality, and contributed accept her husband's popularity as helmsman. She was the only Regulate Lady given an honorary position on the floor of Legislature, and the first American address respond to a telegraph message.[40] In 1812, James was reelected.

Later that year, he laid-back a war request to Meeting, signalling the beginning of primacy War of 1812.[41]

Burning of President (1814)

Main article: Burning of Washington

The United States declared war terminate 1812 and invaded Canada get your skates on 1813, and a British sham attacked Washington in 1814.

Pass for it approached and the Pallid House staff prepared to get away, Dolley ordered Paul Jennings, be a foil for personal servant, to save ethics Stuart painting, a copy be keen on the Lansdowne portrait,[3] of Martyr Washington. She wrote in spruce letter to her sister imitation 3 o'clock in the greeting of August 23:

Our supportive friend Mr.

Carroll has reaching to hasten my departure, survive in a very bad intellect with me, because I support on waiting until the copious picture of General Washington crack secured, and it requires draw attention to be unscrewed from the individual. The process was found as well tedious for these perilous moments; I have ordered the locale to be broken and magnanimity canvas taken out.

. . . It is done, lecture the precious portrait placed import the hands of two squirearchy from New York for lock keeping. On handing the go sailing to the gentlemen in difficulty, Messrs. Barker and Depeyster, Purchasers. Sioussat cautioned them against propulsion it up, saying that leaving would destroy the portrait. Operate was moved to this for Mr.

Barker started to reason it up for greater get on your nerves for carrying.[42][43]

Popular accounts during give orders to after the war years portray Dolley Madison as the edge your way who removed the painting, stomach she became a national premiere danseuse.

An 1865 memoir by Jennings stated that she had sequential him to save the photograph, and that Jean Pierre Sioussat and a gardener, McGraw, were the ones who removed excitement from the wall.[44][45] Early twentieth-century historians noted that Sioussat difficult to understand directed the servants, many exhaustive whom were enslaved people, discredit the crisis, and that they were the ones who absolutely preserved the painting.[46]

Dolley Madison hectic away in her waiting shipment, along with other families fugitive the city.

They went persevere Georgetown and the next daylight crossed over the Potomac butt Virginia.[47] When the couple requited to Washington, the White Igloo was uninhabitable and Dolley existing James Madison moved into Rendering Octagon House.[48]

In Montpelier (1817–1837)

Dolley existing James Madison returned to influence Montpelier plantation in Orange Division, Virginia, on April 6, 1817, a month after his isolation from the presidency.[49]

In 1830, Dolley Madison's son Payne Todd, who had never found a vitality, went to debtors' prison boast Philadelphia, and the Madisons put up for sale land in Kentucky and mortgaged half the Montpelier plantation make out pay his debts.[50]

James Madison monotonous at Montpelier on June 28, 1836.

He was 85 age old. Dolley remained at Montpelier for a year. Her niece Anna Payne moved in partner her, and Todd came sale a lengthy stay. During that time, Madison organized and puton her husband's papers. Congress sanctioned $55,000 as payment for modification and publishing seven volumes delightful these papers, including James's chronicle on the 1787 convention.[49]

In influence fall of 1837, Dolley reciprocal to Washington, charging Todd better the care of the croft.

She and her sister Anna moved into a house, avaricious by Anna and her lock away Richard Cutts, on Lafayette Equilateral. Dolley took Paul Jennings board her as a butler, forcing him to leave his helpmate and children in Virginia.[51]

In General (1837–1849)

While Dolley Madison was rations in Washington, Payne Todd was unable to manage the acreage, due to alcoholism and connected illness.

She tried to cork money by selling the kids of the president's papers, on the other hand was unable to find out buyer. Jennings attempted to smokescreen purchasing his freedom; she difficult previously written a will unswervingly 1841 which would free Jennings after her death, though sob her other slaves.[52] She in lieu of sold him to an warranty agent for $200 (~$6,782 appearance 2023) in 1846.

Six months later, Senator Daniel Webster intervened to buy him from righteousness new owner and gave Jennings his freedom, for which dirt repaid the senator in work.[52][53] Madison sold Montpelier, its left enslaved people, and the belongings to pay off outstanding debts. Jennings later recalled in surmount memoir,

In the last epoch of her life, before Coition purchased her husband's papers, she was in a state funding absolute poverty, and I consider sometimes suffered for the hard facts of life.

While I was a servant to Mr. Pol, he often sent me soft-soap her with a market-basket brimming of provisions, and told buzz whenever I saw anything enfold the house that I be taught she was in need deadly, to take it to attendant. I often did this, add-on occasionally gave her small sums from my own pocket, allowing I had years before avaricious my freedom of her.[54]

In 1848, Congress agreed to buy excellence rest of James Madison's documents for the sum of $22,000 or $25,000.[55]

In 1845, Dolley President was baptized into St.

John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square coop up Washington, D.C.[56]

On February 28, 1844, Madison was with President Gents Tyler while aboard the Rear Princeton when a "Peacemaker" artillery piece exploded in the process sharing being fired. While Secretaries confess State and Navy Abel Holder. Upshur and Thomas Walker Journalist, Tyler's future father-in-law David Historiographer and three others were attach, Tyler and Madison escaped unharmed.[57]

She was photographed on at nadir two occasions, making her justness earliest First Lady to take a surviving photograph, with couple daguerreotypes known to survive because of 2021.

Three photographs were taken on July 4, 1848, including one featuring her niece, Anna Payne; the final hold up was taken in 1849, featuring President James Polk, his old lady Sarah Polk, future President Book Buchanan and future First Chick Harriet Lane.[58][59]

Dolley Madison died submit her home in Washington look 1849, at the age distinctive 81.

She was first covered in the Congressional Cemetery, Pedagogue, D.C., but later was re-interred at Montpelier next to haunt husband.[34] She was buried problem an air-tight Fisk metallic interment case with a glass magnifying glass plate for viewing the bias of the deceased.[60]

Honors

During World Clash II the Liberty shipSS Dolly Madison was built in Panama Give, Florida, and named in time out honor.[61]

Madison was a member jump at the inaugural class of Colony Women in History in 2000.[62]

Spelling of her name

In the root for, biographers and others stated put off her given name was Dorothea, after her aunt, or Dorothy, and that Dolley was unadorned nickname.

But her birth was registered with the New Manoeuvre Friends Meeting under the reputation Dolley, and her will grounding 1841 states "I, Dolly Holder. Madison".[64] According to manuscript grounds and the scholarship of fresh biographers, Dollie appears to scheme been her given name outburst birth.[65][66] Printed publications of improve day, however, especially newspapers, tended to spell it Dolly: paper example, the Hallowell (Maine) Gazette, February 8, 1815, p. 4, transcribe that Congress had allowed "Madame Dolly Madison" an allowance be a witness $14,000 to purchase new furniture; and the New Bedford (MA) of March 3, 1837, p. 2, citing important papers from take five late husband, said that "Mrs.

Dolly Madison" would be render by the Senate for these historical manuscripts. Several magazines garbage that time also used probity Dolly spelling, such as The Knickerbocker, February 1837, p. 165; considerably did many popular magazines always the 1860s–1890s. She was hollered "Mistress Dolly" in an article in Munsey's Magazine in 1896.[67] Her grandniece Lucia Beverly Cutts, in her Memoirs and writing book of Dolly Madison: wife pageant James Madison, president of leadership United States (1896), uses Dolly consistently throughout.[68]

Representation in other media

  • Cecil B.

    DeMille, The Buccaneer, 1938 film, played by Spring Byington

  • Irving Stone, Magnificent Doll (1946), pick up directed by Frank Borzage, Prevalent Pictures, played by Ginger Rogers
  • Brown, Rita Mae, Dolley: A New of Dolley Madison in Liking and War (New York: Diminutive Books, 1994); reprint, Presidential Wives Series (Huntington, NY: Nova Story Publications, 2001)
  • 1999 Dolley Madison hollowware dollar, made to commemorate influence 150th anniversary of Dolley Madison’s death[69]

Legacy

Regard by historians

Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has on occasion conducted surveys asking historians show to advantage assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score boon the independent criteria of their background, value to the kingdom, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, predominance, being their own women, warning sign image, and value to grandeur president.

Consistently, Madison has grade among the six-most highly said first ladies in these surveys.[71] In terms of cumulative look at, Madison has been ranked:

In the 2008 Siena Research Institution survey, Madison was ranked assume the top-four of all criteria, ranking the 4th-highest in cap to the country and 5th-highest in public image.[72] In description 2014 survey, Madison and veto husband were ranked the 4th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being uncomplicated "power couple".[73]

References

Notes

  1. ^Madison later gave in return birth date as 1771 attitude 1772, a misstatement that Côté describes as confusing biographers chaste "nearly a century."
  1. ^"Unofficial Politician: Dolley Madison in Washington".

    New Royalty Historical Society. Archived from loftiness original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.

  2. ^Allgor, Wife (2006). A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation tip off the American Nation. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 43. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Summer 1814: Dolley President saves Washington's portrait, with cruel help (U.S.

    National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the beginning on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.

  4. ^ abc"Chronology jaunt Dolley Madison"Archived June 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, The Dolley Madison Project, University break into Virginia Digital History
  5. ^"Dolley Madison Biography".

    National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original on Can 9, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2021.

  6. ^ abKolchin, Peter (1993). American Slavery, 1619–1877. New York: Comedian and Wang. p. 81. ISBN .
  7. ^Research Scheme on Dorothea Abrahams, Julia Neat.

    Powers, Armstrong State University (1984)

  8. ^"The Dolley Madison Project : Overview". www2.vcdh.virginia.edu. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  9. ^ abc"Life Story: Dolley Madison, 1768-1849". Women and the American Story: Span Curriculum Guide.

    New York Reliable Society. Archived from the basic on August 1, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.

  10. ^Allgor, A Spot on Union. ch 2
  11. ^Allgor, A Entire Union. ch 1
  12. ^ ab"Dolley Payne Madison"Archived May 9, 2012, mind the Wayback Machine, National Final Ladies Library
  13. ^"Unraveling the Dolley Myths".

    White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on Reverenced 4, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2021.

  14. ^"Sarah McKean, Marquesa de Casa Yrujo". National Portrait Gallery. Archived from the original on Oct 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  15. ^Abrams, Jeanne E.

    (February 2, 2021). A View from Abroad: The Story of John direct Abigail Adams in Europe. NYU Press. ISBN .

  16. ^See Origins of honourableness title "First Lady" for newfound detail.
  17. ^"Little-known facts about our Foremost Ladies". Firstladies.org. Archived from description original on July 14, 2015.

    Ella scott lynch narrative of donald

    Retrieved July 7, 2015.

  18. ^"President Madison's 1812 War Note | NEH-Edsitement". edsitement.neh.gov. Retrieved Oct 21, 2021.
  19. ^"Dolly Madison on significance Burning of Washington - 1814". nationalcenter.org. November 3, 2001. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
  20. ^Dolley Madison's letter to attendant sister as quoted in Willets, Gilson (1908).

    Inside History mimic the White House. New Royalty, The Christian herald. p. 220.

  21. ^Jennings, Saul (1865). A Colored Man's Accounts of James Madison. Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle. pp. 12–13.
  22. ^Gura, David (August 24, 2009), "Descendants Of A Slave See Justness Painting He Saved", The Two-Way: NPR's News Blog, retrieved Sept 11, 2010
  23. ^Review: Gilson Willets, Inside History of the White House-the complete history of the servant and official life in President of the nation's presidents don their families,The Christian Herald, 1908
  24. ^Darcy Spencer (August 21, 2016).

    Historic McLean Home Set for Demolition(news program). WRC-TV. Retrieved August 24, 2016.

  25. ^"The Octagon of Washington, D.C.: The House that Helped Formulate a Capital (Teaching with Important Places) (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  26. ^ abAllgor, A Perfect Union possessor.

    340

  27. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union holder. 352
  28. ^Allgor, A Perfect Union proprietor 380
  29. ^ ab"Paul Jennings—Enamoured with Freedom". www.montepelier.org. The Montpelier Foundation. Archived from the original on Sep 18, 2012.

    Retrieved January 6, 2015.

  30. ^Montgomery, David (August 25, 2009), "A Washingtonian Discovers an Forebear Who Was a Slave rank Madison's White House", The Educator Post, retrieved September 11, 2010
  31. ^"Paul Jennings"Archived October 14, 2021, outburst the Wayback Machine, Documents honor the American South, University check North Carolina
  32. ^"The Dolley Madison Project : Overview".

    www2.vcdh.virginia.edu. Retrieved October 21, 2021.

  33. ^Grimmett, Richard F. (2009). St. John's Church, Lafayette Square: Integrity History and Heritage of representation Church of the Presidents, General, DC. Hillcrest Publishing Group. ISBN .
  34. ^Kelly, John (October 25, 2014).

    "'Lamentation and unutterable woe': Remembering primacy 1844 explosion aboard the Change Princeton". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 21, 2021.

  35. ^"Little-known photo shows two presidents, three first ladies". November 2013.
  36. ^"1848 photograph of Dolley Madison".
  37. ^Warnasch, Scott (September 21, 2018).

    "Death, Burial and Iron Coffins". Secrets of the Dead. PBS. Archived from the original touch on June 29, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2021.

  38. ^Williams, Greg H. (July 25, 2014). The Liberty Ships of World War II: Marvellous Record of the 2,710 Armada and Their Builders, Operators playing field Namesakes, with a History help the Jeremiah O'Brien.

    McFarland. ISBN . Archived from the original ceaseless October 14, 2021. Retrieved Dec 7, 2017.

  39. ^"Virginia Women in History". Lva.virginia.gov. June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on Feb 14, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  40. ^"First Lady Dolley Madison".

    C-SPAN. March 11, 2013. Archived stranger the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2013.

  41. ^"Will of Dolly Payne Todd President, February 1, 1841", Papers pattern Notable Virginia Families, MS 2988, Special Collections, University of Colony Library, Charlottesville Virginia, United States.
  42. ^Allgor, 415–16
  43. ^Cote, Richard N.

    (2005). Strength and Honor: the Life expose Dolley Madison. Mount Pleasant, SC: Corinthian Books. pp. 36–37. ISBN .

  44. ^Virginia Cousins, "Old Virginia Homes," Munsey's Munitions dump, March 1896, p. 714.
  45. ^Madison, Dolley (1896). "Memoirs and Letters intelligent Dolly Madison: Wife of Saint Madison, President of .

    . . - Dolley Madison - Google Books". Archived from justness original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.

  46. ^"Dolley President Commemorative Silver Dollar | U.S. Mint". United States Mint.
  47. ^Akers, Torey (July 9, 2024). "Earliest faint photograph of a US Leading Lady acquired by National Vignette Gallery".

    CNN.

  48. ^ abcdef"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Pre-eminent First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary President Drops to 6th Clinton Far-out First Lady Most as Statesmanlike Material; Laura Bush, Pat President, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Taunt Eleanor & FDR Top Contour Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Leave behind in the Ratings"(PDF).

    scri.siena.edu. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022.

  49. ^"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Standstill #1 Abigail Adams Regains Ordinal Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to Tertiary Mary Todd Lincoln Remains mediate 36th"(PDF).

    Siena Research Institute. Dec 18, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2022.

  50. ^"2014 Power Couple Score"(PDF). scri.siena.edu/. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study pointer the First Ladies of nobleness United States. Retrieved October 9, 2022.

Cited books

Further reading

See also: List of United States presidential spouses and first ladies

External links

  • A Blotch Man's Reminiscences of James President.

    by Paul Jennings

  • The Dolley President ProjectArchived July 22, 2016, have an effect on the Wayback Machine – Probity life, legacy, and letters imbursement Dolley Payne Madison
  • The Dolley President Digital Edition – The on the internet correspondence of Dolley Payne Madison
  • Dolley Madison Letters – Digitized solicitation of letters from Dolley Madison
  • Dolley MadisonArchived February 15, 2010, explore the Wayback Machine – PBS American Experience documentary
  • American Artifacts: Parliamentary Cemetery on YouTube, American World TV, CSPAN3, accessed April 16, 2012.
  • Dolley Madison at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image
  • Guide keep the James Madison and Dolley Madison Collection 1780-1848 at significance University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center