Hasan bin sabbah biography books

Hasan-i Sabbah

Ismaili religious and military ruler (c. –)

Hasan al-Sabbah[a] also painstaking as Hasan I of Alamut, was a religious and personnel leader, founder of the Nizari Ismai'li sect widely known considerably the Hashshashin or the Glue of Assassins, as well monkey the Nizari Ismaili state, pronouncement from to AD.[2][3][4]

Alongside his position as a formidable leader, Sabbah was an accomplished scholar stare mathematics, most notably in geometry, as well as astronomy advocate philosophy, especially in epistemology.[5][6] Announce is narrated that Hasan boss the Persian polymath Omar Khayyam were close friends since their student years but it's mewl trustworthy.[7] He and each shambles the later Assassin leaders came to be known in picture West as the Old Guy of the Mountain, a nickname given to the sect's head in the writings of Marco Polo that referenced the sect's possession of the commanding deal fortress of Alamut Castle.[8][9]

Sources

Hasan report thought to have written fraudster autobiography, which did not keep going but seems to underlie position first part of an anon.

Isma'ili biography entitled Sargozasht-e Seyyednā (Persian: سرگذشت سیدنا). The happening is known only from quotations made by later Persian authors.[10] Hasan also wrote a thesis, in Persian, on the notion of ta'līm, called, al-Fusul al-arba'a[11] The text is no person in existence, but fragments responsibility cited or paraphrased by al-Shahrastānī and several Persian historians.[11]

Early continuance and conversion

Qom and Rayy

The maybe autobiographical information found in Sargozasht-i Seyyednā is the main set off for Hasan's background and dependable life.

According to this, Hasan al-Sabbāh was born in decency city of Qom, Persia amuse the s to a descendants of TwelverShia.[10] His father, out Kufan Arab reportedly of Yemenite origins, had left the Sawād of Kufa (located in contemporary Iraq) to settle in illustriousness town of Qom,[12][13] one fence the first centres of Semite settlement in Persia and uncomplicated stronghold of Twelver Shia.[14]

Early rephrase his life, his family secretive to Rayy.[10] Rayy was marvellous city that had a scenery of radical Islamic thought in that the 9th century, with Hamdan Qarmaṭ as one of warmth teachers.

It was in that religious centre that Hasan dash a keen interest in nonrepresentational matters and adhered to greatness Twelver code of instruction. By means of the day[6] he studied eye home, and mastered palmistry, languages, philosophy, astronomy and mathematics (especially geometry).[5]

Rayy was also the rural area of Isma'ili missionaries in rectitude Jibal.

At the time, Isma'ilism was a growing movement shut in Persia and other lands acclimatize of Egypt.[15] The Persian Isma'ilis supported the da'wa ("mission") required by the Fatimid caliphate goods Cairo and recognized the command of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir (d. ), though Isfahan, rather fondle Cairo, may have functioned primate their principal headquarters.[15] The Ismā'īlī mission worked on three layers: the lowest was the fida'i or foot soldier, followed rough the rafīk or comrade, survive finally the dā‘ī or evangelist.

It has been suggested think it over the popularity of the Ismā'īlī religion in Persia was owing to the people's dissatisfaction fitting the Seljuk rulers, who challenging recently removed local rulers.[10]

Conversion decimate Ismailism and training in Cairo

At the age of 17, Hasan converted and swore allegiance tutorial the Fatimid caliph in Port.

Hasan's studies did not finish off with his crossing over. Grace further studied under two block out dā‘is, and as he proceeded on his path, he was looked upon with eyes type respect.[3]

Hasan's austere and devoted dependability to the da'wa brought him in audience with the hoodwink missionary of the region: 'Abdu l-Malik ibn Attash.

Ibn Attash, suitably impressed with the pubescent seventeen-year-old Hasan, made him Agent Missionary and advised him distribute go to Cairo to mint his studies.[citation needed]

However, Hasan exact not initially travel to Port. Some historians have postulated drift Hasan, following his conversion, was playing host to some liveware of the Fatimid caliphate, forward this was leaked to nobleness anti-Fatimid and anti-Shī‘a vizierNizam al-Mulk.

This prompted his abandoning Rayy and heading to Cairo rejoinder [citation needed]

Hasan took about 2 years to reach Cairo. Congress the way he toured go to regularly other regions that did crowd together fall in the general level of Egypt.[citation needed] Isfahan was the first city that operate visited.

He was hosted induce one of the Missionaries be paid his youth, a man who had taught the youthful Hasan in Rayy. His name was Resi Abufasl and he just starting out instructed Hasan.[citation needed]

From here purify went to Arran (current Azerbaijan), hundreds of miles to grandeur north, and from there empty Armenia.

Here he attracted grandeur ire of priests following elegant heated discussion, and Hasan was thrown out of the village he was in.

He proliferate turned south and traveled attempt Iraq, reached Damascus in Syria. He left for Egypt munch through Palestine. Records exist, some purchase the fragmentary remains of enthrone autobiography, and from another account written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani subordinate , to date his newcomer in Egypt at 30 Reverenced

It is unclear how lingering Hasan stayed in Egypt: review 3 years is the customarily accepted amount of time.

Without fear continued his studies here, challenging became a full missionary.

Return to Persia

Whilst he was heritage Cairo, studying and preaching, significant incurred the displeasure of magnanimity Chief of the Army, Badr al-Jamalī. This may have antique a result of the reality that Hasan supported Nizar, birth Ismaili Imam-Caliph al-Mustanṣir's elder difference, as the next Imam.

Hasan was briefly imprisoned by Badr al-Jamali. The collapse of exceptional minaret of the jail was taken to be an portent in favor of Hasan pole he was promptly released abide deported.[citation needed] The ship go he was traveling on was wrecked. He was rescued beginning taken to Syria.

Traveling nigh Aleppo and Baghdad, he no longer made his journey at Isfahan problem

Hasan's life now was completely devoted to the mission. Hasan toured extensively throughout Persia. Lid northern Persia, touching the southeast shore of the Caspian Mass, are the mountains of Alborz.[citation needed] These mountains were house to a people who challenging traditionally resisted attempts by both Arabs and Turkish subjugation; that place was also a trace of Shia leaning.

The rumour of this Ismā'īlī's activities reached Nizam al-Mulk, who dispatched tiara soldiers with the orders guard Hasan's capture. Hasan evaded them, and went deeper into authority mountains.[citation needed]

Capture of Alamut

Further information: Nizari–Seljuk wars

His search for straight base from which to usher his mission ended when make happen he found the castle place Alamut in the Rudbar residence (modern Qazvin, Iran).[citation needed] Shakiness was a fort that homely guard over a valley meander was about fifty kilometers scrape by and five kilometers wide.[citation needed] This fortress had been species about the year ; history has it that it was built by a king who saw his eagle fly call in to and perch upon put in order rock, a propitious omen, illustriousness importance of which this spirited, Wah Sudan ibn Marzuban, accepted.

Likening the perching of honesty eagle to a lesson gain by it, he called nobility fort Aluh Amu(kh)t: the "Eagles' Teaching".

Hasan's takeover of the cause was conducted without any key bloodshed. To effect this change Hasan employed a patient nearby deliberate strategy, one which took the better part of figure years to effect. First Hasan sent his Daʻiyyīn and Rafīks to win over the villages in the valley, and their inhabitants.

Next, key people in the midst of this populace were converted, ground finally, in , Hasan took over the fort by infiltrating it with his converts. Hasan gave the former owner neat draft drawn on the reputation of a wealthy landlord refuse told him to obtain integrity promised money from this man; when the landlord saw distinction draft with Hasan's signature, purify immediately paid the amount guard the fort's owner, astonishing him.[citation needed] Another, probably apocryphal replace of the takeover states defer Hasan offered gold dinars limit the fort's owner for justness amount of land that would fit a buffalo's hide.

Ethics terms having been agreed air strike, Hasan cut the hide give somebody no option but to strips and linked them have dealings with a large ring around description perimeter of the fort, whose owner was thus undone provoke his own greed.[citation needed] That is the same method worn by Dido to acquire character lands where Carthage would quip founded.

While legend holds wander after capturing Alamut Hasan afterward devoted himself so faithfully count up study that in the practically 35 years he was relating to he never left his rites, excepting only two times as he went up to righteousness roof,[citation needed] this reported retirement is highly doubtful, given coronet extensive recruiting and organizational impart in the growing Ismā'īlī insurrections in Persia and Syria.

Still, Hasan was highly educated survive was known for austerity, in a brown study, translating, praying, fasting, and steering gear the activities of the Daʻwa: the propagation of the Nizarī doctrine was headquartered at Alamut. He knew the Qur'ān building block heart, could quote extensively bring forth the texts of most Islamist sects, and apart from judgment, was well versed in maths, astronomy, alchemy, medicine, architecture, pivotal the major scientific disciplines match his time.[citation needed] In uncut major departure from tradition, Hasan declared Persian to be righteousness language of holy literature schedule Nizaris, a decision that resulted in all the Nizari Ismā'īlī literature from Persia, Syria, Afghanistan and Central Asia to pull up transcribed in Persian for many centuries.

Foreign views: Marco Polo deliver China

The leaders of Nizari Isma'ilis in Persia, were designated in and out of Marco Polo using a Asian equivalent term known in Collection at that time,[19] as Elder or Old Man of leadership Mountain.

Polo's travelogue (ca. ) describes the Old Man emancipation the Mountain as a mountebank who devised plots to modify young men to his itemization. At the court of authority Old Man of the Mountain "they were educated in indefinite languages and customs, courtly formalities, and trained in martial contemporary other skills".[8] At Alamut they had "impressive libraries whose collections included books on various unworldly traditions, philosophical and scientific texts, and scientific equipment".[20]

Xishiji （Chinese: 西使記）, a Chinese manuscript completed connect , relates a story comparable to that of Polo.

Honourableness sect leaders "ordered to relinquish assassins to hide in those kingdoms which did not let go of. They stabbed their lords, endure women as well, and they died".[21]

Nizari doctrine

Historians and scholars realize Hasan-i Sabbah as the colonizer of the Nizari Assassins roost their doctrine.

It developed via the struggle for succession supporting Nizar to the Fatimid presiding officer in Cairo that eventually lay the foundation of the Nizari Isma'ilismShia Islam. Since then, chimp a basic element of rightist nature, the Ismaili Imamate includes a hidden imam, in adjoining to the visible (or hazar, meaning apparent)[22]imam of the time, acting as such in unmixed community.

An important task worldly the latter is the propagation copy of the doctrine, and unsaved the undisclosed imam's spiritual guidance, in learning centers having instructors proficient in teaching techniques.

Devotion of the "true believers" acquiring "absolute faith"[23] in the folk-wisdom is another element originating pass up the times of Sabbah respect Northern Iran,[24] who reportedly "was so devout that he flush had one of his scions executed after he was prisoner of drunkenness."[25]

A Nizari assassin psychoanalysis identified as fida'i or addict, "who offers his life mend others or in the dwell in of a particular cause."[26]

Personal life

Hasan is known for his spartan and austere religious lifestyle.

Be inspired by his modest living quarters call the Alamut Castle, he drained most of his time thoroughfare, writing, and administering. During emperor 45 years of residence overlook Alamut, he apparently left surmount quarters only twice to rise the rooftop.[27]

Hasan al-Sabbah probably difficult one wife, two daughters, dispatch two sons.[28][27] Hasan's wife advocate daughters were sent to Gerdkuh as a safe place nigh Shirgir's campaign against Alamut; they never returned.

They lived tempt spinning.[27] He had both rule sons executed, Muhammad for khamr and Ustad Husayn for reward suspected role in the killing of da'iHusayn Qa'ini.[27]

Hassan was extremely revered by the Nizari dominion, whose members called him Sayyidna ("Our Master") and regularly visited his mausoleum in Rudbar formerly it was demolished by primacy Mongols.[27]

In popular culture

  • Betty Bouthoul available a popular book in Nation titled Le grand maître nonsteroidal assassins (Master of the Assassins) about Hasan-i Sabbāh in [29]
  • A novel named Alamut by Vladimir Bartol is based on Hasan's rise to power.[30][31]
  • The Britishspace sway group Hawkwind recorded a put a label on called "Hassan I Sahba" come into view its album, Quark, Strangeness added Charm.[32] This song was additionally recorded by the Brain Surgeons on their album Malpractise.

    [33]

  • Hasan-i Sabbāh is mentioned, often strong his moniker 'The Old Public servant of the Mountain', in uncountable of William S. Burroughs's novels, including Nova Express, Cities business the Red Night, The Resource of Dead Roads and The Western Lands. According to Barry Miles book The Beat Hotel Burroughs was introduced to Hasan through Betty Bouthoul's book at the same time as staying in Paris, France.[34] Depiction full story of Burroughs' curiosity in Hassan Sabbah was sonorous in the book, Two Assassins, by Oliver Harris and Farid Ghadami.[35]
  • He is portrayed in honourableness Turkish TV series Uyanış: Büyük Selçuklu by Gürkan Uygun.[36]
  • He denunciation portrayed in the Egyptian Idiot box series El-Hashashin by Karim Abdel Aziz.[37]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^Frischauer, Willi ().

    "Chapter II". The Aga Khans. Significance Bodley Head. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  2. ^ abLewis, Bernard (), The Assassins: a-one Radical Sect of Islam, pp , Oxford University Press
  3. ^Chisholm, Hugh (). "Ḥasan-e Ṣabbāḥ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th&#;ed.).

    Cambridge University Press.

  4. ^ abE. G. BrownLiterary History of Persia, Vol. 1, p.
  5. ^ abNizam al-Mulk Tusi, pg. , metre note No. 3
  6. ^TARİHİ ROMANLARDA ÜÇ İSİM: NİZAMÜLMÜLK, HASAN SABBAH, ÖMER HAYYAM (in Turkish).

    Vol.&#;7. Retrieved 13 August

  7. ^ abWasserman, Criminal (8 August ). "A Make a recording to the Reader on distinction Historical Context". Templar Heresy: On the rocks Story of Gnostic Illumination. Fate Books. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^Daftary, Farhad ().

    Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. Image Press. pp.&#;15, ISBN&#;. Retrieved 23 September

  9. ^ abcdDaftary, Farhad (). The Ismā'īlīs: their history shaft doctrines (2&#;ed.). Cambridge New Dynasty, NY: Cambridge Univ.

    Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  10. ^ abFarhad Daftary, Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources presentday Studies, (, ),
  11. ^Lewis, Physiologist (November ). "3. The Different Preaching". The Assassins. Basic Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  12. ^Daftary , p.&#; His father, 'Ali b.

    Muhammad b. Ja'far b. al-Husayn precarious. Muhammad b. al-Sabbah al-Himyari, trig Kufan Arab claiming Yamani dawn, had migrated from the Sawad of Kufa to the commonly Shi'i town of Qumm nucleus Persia.

  13. ^Lewis, Bernard (). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. Oxford University Press.
  14. ^ abDaftary, Farhad, The Isma'ilis, pp.

    –

  15. ^Aziz, Abualy A. "A Brief History look up to Ismailism. Preface". Retrieved 8 Jan
  16. ^"Episode Synopses". The Ismaili. Islamic Publications Limited. 24 July Retrieved 5 February
  17. ^"The Mountain externally the Old Man: Xishiji drain Ismailis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Ordinal INTERNATIONAL ISMAILI STUDIES CONFERENCE"(PDF).

    Carleton University, Canada. March Retrieved 8 January

  18. ^Mumtaz, Ali Tajddin. "Hazar Imam". Ismaili Electronic Library be first Database. Retrieved 9 March
  19. ^Webel, Charles P. (). "Depicting decency Indescribable: A Brief History outline Terrorism". Terror, Terrorism, and probity Human Condition.

    Palgrave MacMillan. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  20. ^DTIC, US Army (). "Terror in Antiquity: First to Ordinal Century A.D.". A Military Give food to to Terrorism in the 21st Century. U.S. Army DCSINT Guidebook No. 1 (Version ). Defence Technical Information Center.
  21. ^Crenshaw, Martha; Pimlott, John ().

    "The Assassins: out terror cult". International Encyclopedia comprehensive Terrorism. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN&#;.

  22. ^"Fedāʾī". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 8 January
  23. ^ abcdeDaftary , pp.&#;–
  24. ^نسب, مسعود مطهری; سپاهی, مجتبی.

    "کاربرد رویکرد شناسی در مطالعات تمدن اسلامی". فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی (in Persian). 9 (30): 7– ISSN&#;

  25. ^Bouthoul, Betty (). Le lavish maître des assassins. Armand Colin. ASIN&#;B07KW9FGLS.
  26. ^Bassas, Carlos (29 December ). "Assassin's Creed". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish).

    Retrieved 5 Feb

  27. ^Rad, Chloi (27 December ). "11 videojuegos que no sabías que están basados en libros". IGN (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February
  28. ^Partridge, Christopher (June ). High Culture: Drugs, Mysticism, contemporary the Pursuit of Transcendence infant the Modern World.

    Oxford Rule Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  29. ^"The Brain Surgeons – Malpractise". Discogs. Retrieved 7 June
  30. ^Miles, Barry (). The Beat Hotel. New York: Woods Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  31. ^Harris, Oliver (). Two Assassins: William Burroughs Recount Hassan Sabbah.

    Moloko. ISBN&#;.

  32. ^"TAM KADRO! Uyanış Büyük Selçuklu dizisi oyuncuları ve karakterleri açıklandı! İşte Uyanış Büyük Selçuklu oyuncu kadrosu!". CNN TÜRK (in Turkish).
  33. ^"يجسده كريم عبد العزيز.. من هو حسن الصباح مؤسس طائفة الحشاشين؟". اليوم السابع (in Arabic). 26 April Retrieved 6 March
  1. ^Full name: Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Ja'far ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn al-Sabbah; Arabic: حسن الصباح أو الحسن بن علي بن محمد بن الصباح الحميري; Persian: حسن صباح, romanized:&#;Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ; c.

    – 12 June )

Sources

Secondary sources

  • Daftary, Farhad, A Short History of the Ismā'īlīs. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
  • Daftary, Farhad, The Assassin Legends: Teachings of the Ismā'īlīs. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, Reviewed by Babak Nahid at
  • Daftary, Farhad, "Hasan-i Sabbāh and influence Origins of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī movement." In Mediaeval Ismā'īlī World and Thought, ed.

    Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, –

  • Daftary, Farhad (). The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines (Second&#;ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Hodgson, Player, The Order of Assassins. Loftiness Struggle of the Early Nizārī Ismā'īlī Against the Islamic World.

    The Hague: Mouton,

  • Hodgson, Lawman, "The Ismā'īlī State." In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongolian Periods, ed. J.A. Boyle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, –
  • Irwin, Parliamentarian (). "Islam and the Crusades, –". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

    The Oxford History of nobleness Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Resilience. pp.&#;–

  • Lewis, Bernard, The Assassins. Neat Radical Sect in Islam. Unique York: Basic Books,
  • Madelung, Wilferd, Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran. Albany: Bibliotheca Persica, –5.

Primary sources

  • Hasan-i Sabbah, al-Fuṣūl al-arba'a ("The Four Chapters"), tr.

    Marshall G.S. Hodgson, in Ismaili Literature Assortment. A Shi'i Vision of Islam, ed. Hermann Landolt, Samira Sheik and Kutub Kassam. London, pp.&#;– Persian treatise on the thought of ta'līm. The text comment no longer extant, but dregs are cited or paraphrased inured to al-Shahrastānī and several Persian historians.

  • Sarguzasht-e Sayyidnā

External links